Validation and guidance help individuals, organisations and Member States adapt to career challenges and create successful lifelong learning systems. However, little is known about how they are linked in practice and how this connection can be made more efficient.

This two-volume publication provides an update on the progress made in establishing and implementing national and regional qualifications frameworks around the world since 2017.

The 2018 European skills index (ESI) is a unique index that captures European countries’ performance in skill development, activation and matching.